Information Centric Networking ( Icn ) - 2566 Words

Abstract: Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is set to replace the current internet architecture which is based on end-to-end communication between hosts. The ICN approach to the network of the future has recently been and is being explored by a number of research projects from Europe and in the United States. This paper provides a review on four Information Centric Networking (ICN) architectures based on objects/contents naming, name Resolution and data routing.The review highlights and briefly describes the naming structures, operation of name resolution and data routing processes of DONA, PURSUIT, NetInf/MDHT and NDN. A summary in tabular form and a comparative study of different architectures is given. Keywords: ICN, Naming of ICN, Name Resolution and Data Routing of ICN. I. INTRODUCTION Information-centric networking (ICN) is the hot research topic in recent years, with various research initiatives like DONA [1], CCN/NDN [2][10][16] PSIRP/PURSUIT [3][4][8][11][12], 4WARD [13], CONVERGENCE[15], NetInf [9], SAIL[17],COMET [5–7][14]), MobilityFirst [18] and ANR Connect [19] targeting this emerging research area with the aim of shifting from the current Internet architecture which is built and designed for a host-to-host communications model. The Internet architecture today has experienced rapid growth in network traffic of which most of the traffics are characterized by the content retrieval applications running on top of the Internet architecture. The Internet hasShow MoreRelatedInformation Centric Network And Developing Channel Coding Solutions1367 Words   |  6 PagesContents: Project Overview 3 Background Reading 3-5 Information-Centric Network 3- Introduction 3 Information-Centric Network Components 3-4 ICN Naming scheme 3 ICN Routing and Forwarding 3-4 ICN Caching 4 Information-Centric Network Approaches 4 Network of information (NetInf) 4 Named Data Networking (NDN) 4 Publish-Subscribe Architecture 4 Summary of Different ICN Approaches 5 Channel Coding 5 References 6Read MoreHow The Dynamic Traffic Engineering Technique Can Choose Specific Paths Based774 Words   |  4 PagesOn the Benefit of Information Centric Networks for Traffic Engineering Please Write Your Name Here School of Electronics and Information Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China Please write your email Key Idea—This work proposed a resource allocation scheme that will describe how the dynamic traffic engineering technique can choose specific paths based upon selected content attributes, and compare this with a typical min-MLU (Minimum Link Utilization) trafficRead MoreA Novel Fault Tolerant Redundancy Policy3635 Words   |  15 PagesRedundancy Policy in Information Centric Network Article Type: SI:Fault Tolerant Comm Nets Abstract: Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a new emerging concept, in which the principal paradigm shifts from the traditional end-to-end connection to the information-centric communication model. The common characteristic of ICN is leveraging in-network caching by equipping all routers with storage to achieve efficient content distribution. The character of in-network caching makes the ICN architecture veryRead MoreRouting Scheme In Named Data Networks Essay3530 Words   |  15 Pagesrequested contents, as routers are unaware of the passing contents and might transmit the content through the same path multiple times. Named Data Network (NDN) architecture enables the routers to identify and cache the contents. NDN is a new information-centric networking architecture in which data or content is identified by a unique name and the content pieces are saved in cache of routers. As the source and destination addresses are not included in NDN packets, routers must forward Interest packet until

Guess, Inc. Free Essays

string(128) " to listening and responding to the needs of our customers, associates and business partners, and honor their individual value\." Guess? , Inc. What started as a small family owned jeans boutique has flourished into a global lifestyle brand. Guess? , Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Guess, Inc. or any similar topic only for you Order Now currently designs, markets, distributes, and licenses a leading lifestyle collection of contemporary apparel and accessories for men, women, and children that mirror the American lifestyle, while grasping European fashion sensibilities. While the foundation of Guess, Inc. ’s history and massive success can be attributed to their roots in the sale of jeans, Guess, Inc. has now expanded globally, granting licenses for the manufacture and distribution of a full line of product categories. Guess, Inc. perates in 87 countries, with the majority of the stores in the U. S. and Canada. As of 2010, Guess has 1292 stores, 504 in North America, 441 in Europe, and 347 in South East Asia (Breif History of the Company and the Marciano Brothers). The company has agreements with 17 licensees. Throughout the past 30 years, Guess, Inc. has made every effort to maintain their status as a global phenomenon. History CEO and Chairman, Maurice Marciano, and Co-Chairman,  Paul Marciano The epitome of a successful family business, Guess, Inc was founded in 1981 by the four Marciano brothers, Georges, Armand, Paul, and Maurice (Guess? Inc. ). They came equipped with experience in the fashion industry, having previously owned and operated a chain of twelve retail stores in France (Guess, Inc. ). The brothers moved to California from Marseilles, France in 1977, where Guess was born, starting as a small jeans company. Georges Marciano was the designer of the jeans, and the brothers gave them the name â€Å"Guess† as they believed that word to be easy to pronounce due to their limited English (Guess, Inc. ). The company’s original jeans were innovative for its time, stone-washed, made to fit tightly, and featured zippers at the ankles. They called this the â€Å"Marilyn Jean† (Guess, Inc. ), and the style lived up to its name, with a sexy, unique style and attitude. They had a softer feel and lighter colors than typical denim jeans. They also featured the classic Guess triangle on the back pocket, which would soon become the distinctive Guess trademark. Believing strongly in his family’s jean business, Georges flew to New York, and convinced Bloomingdale’s to display 30 pairs of his European-style jeans on consignment in the Bloomingdale’s flagship New York store (Guess, Inc. ). Within three hours, Bloomingdale’s sold out every pair. Demand for the jeans soon skyrocketed, and the brothers would find themselves overwhelmed. Though he possessed no previous advertising experience, the brothers appointed Paul Marciano as their advertising director, in hope of expanding their capital. This proved to be wildly successful, as Paul would design an ad campaign that would revolutionize the way jeans and other clothing were sold. Seeking to take a different direction from the typical studio design, Paul brought the models and the jeans outdoors, using grainy black-and-white photography. He had the models show off the jeans using provocative poses, which would later be described by Forbes Magazine as â€Å"catering to teenage cravings for sex, power, attention, and self-love†¦electric not only with sexuality, but with an implicit brutality and exhibitionism as well. † (GUESS INC (NYSE: GES) | Balance Sheet). These controversial ads would quickly create a household name for Guess. By the end of 1982, their jeans produced about $12 million in revenue (Guess, Inc. ). Over the next 15 years, Guess would grow from a company of 30 pairs of jeans, to a globally diversified billion-dollar empire. Legal Battles Overwhelmed by their increasing costs to produce, the Marciano brothers sought a solution to expand their capital and access cheaper foreign labor. In July 1983, they signed an agreement with the Nakash brothers of the company Jordache which would entitle the Nakash brothers to 50% ownership of Guess, Inc. in exchange for $4. 8 million, as well as the use of Jordache’s Hong Kong manufacturing plants (Guess, Inc. ). This deal also licensed Jordache to produce a new line of jeans, entitled Gasoline, using parts of Guess designs in a lower-priced line. However, Guess made a mistake in putting their trust in the Nakash brothers, and neglecting to provide written assurances in the agreement to protect each company against creating knock-off’s of each other’s designs. This mistake would soon come back to haunt them, in their biggest legal battle to date. The Marcianos sued the Nakash brothers on charges of unfair competition, accusing them of using their position on the Guess board of directors and their access to Guess designs in the Hong King plant to produce clothing in their Jordache line that were clear knockoffs of Guess designs. In the suit, the Marcianos sought to null the 1983 agreement that had given Nakashes ownership of half of Guess (Guess, Inc. ). This battle would continue for the next five years, eventually ending with the two sets of brothers settling out of court, and the Marcianos regaining full control of the business. Estimated attorney fees were as high as $10 million per year for each side (Guess, Inc. ). This was an ugly legal battle that cost Guess Inc. an unnecessary amount of funds. 1982 also bought a smaller legal battle with Jeff Hamilton, Inc. Guess sought to enter the menswear market by obtaining a licensing agreement with this company. Under this agreement, Jeff Hamilton, Inc would market a line of clothing under the Guess name in exchange for a 7% royalty fee (Guess, Inc. ). However, Guess soon decided that Hamilton was targeting the young men’s market too strongly, and did not approve of Hamilton’s â€Å"dumping† of Guess merchandise in large discount stores, which was hurting the label’s high-end image. Guess sought to terminate the license agreement, which they eventually succeeded in doing in 1986. This extensive legal battle resulted in a slow growth for Guess menswear. Marketing Promotional Strategies Guess is backed by their corporate mission statement; â€Å"At Guess, we are committed to being a worldwide leader in the fashion industry. We will deliver products and services of uncompromising quality and integrity consistent with our brand and our image. We are committed to listening and responding to the needs of our customers, associates and business partners, and honor their individual value. You read "Guess, Inc." in category "Papers" We are dedicated to personal and professional enrichment through an environment of open communication, creativity, teamwork, trust, and respect. We continue to give back to the community, support humanity, and protect the environment as part of our responsibility. We remain committed to an entrepreneurial spirit that fuels the growth of our Company and increased shareholder value. Through principled leadership we will embrace diversity, cultivate strength, pride and passion to align our personal life and our professional life. (The Guess Mission Statement). The target customer for Guess is a young, affluent adult, between the ages of 18 and 32. Guess makes every effort to live by this mission statement every day, and uses a variety of creative marketing and promotional strategies to further entice the target customer to purchase Guess products. The mission statement is executed everyday in Guess, Inc’s corporate strategy, which focuses on the long term. Guess is a global compa ny known for their quality, trend-setting styles, and marketing creativity. In realizing the importance of diversity, and consumers’ needs to constantly have something new, Guess never fails to bring forward new products and images to keep their name alive. While originally gaining momentum with their jeans, Guess now manufacturers and distributes a wide range of product lines. Once realizing their success, in the 80’s, the Marciano brothers decided to increase their potential, and expand beyond men’s and women’s jeans. Baby GUESS? , GUESS? watches, GUESS? footwear, GUESS? eyewear, and GUESS? fragrances were introduced. Wishing to continue their expansion, Guess introduced even more products in the late 90’s, including an entire collection of GUESS handbags, active wear, jewelry, swimwear, innerwear, leather, belts, neckwear, and men’s classics (CITE- annual report). Around the millennium, Guess introduced their website, opening the company to a whole other world of potential. Guess operates in 6 different store concepts in an attempt to appeal to a variety of different markets. The original GUESS? retail stores carry a full assortment of full-priced Guess products, including men’s and women’s merchandise, and licensed products. GUESS? factory outlet stores are primarily located in outlet malls, and sell a select assortment of men’s and women’s apparel and licensed products at lower price points. GUESS by MARCIANO stores were introduced in the summer of 2004 (GUESS INC (NYSE: GES) | Balance Sheet), in an attempt to recapture the company’s glamorous image. The Marciano chain offers apparel and accessories that are sexy, yet sophisticated. The target market for these stores is slightly older customers interested in higher-end clothing and accessories such as ritzy evening dresses and fancy jeans. G by GUESS stores offers Guess products at a lower price point than Guess retail stores, in order to target a wider demographic. These stores carry apparel for men and women, as well as a full line of accessories and footwear. Products in this line provide a more fun, youthful image; fashion-forward, yet not cutting edge fashion. GUESS? accessories stores sell GUESS? and GUESS by Marciano labeled accessory products. Finally, GUESS also operates in an e-commerce segment, with websites in 6 different languages (Maurice Marciano and Marciano). Guess is known for their iconic black-and-white print advertisements and logos that have maintained a level of consistency throughout the company’s history. The aim of Guess advertisements is to place more of an emphasis on the brand image than on the actual products (Maurice Marciano and Marciano). All Guess advertisements use similar themes and images, primarily using outdoor images. Guess images have been showcased in international print campaigns in virtually all major magazines, on television, billboards, bus shelters, and advertisements throughout the world. The image of the Guess model has become a pop culture icon in the history of fashion advertising. Guess model, Anna Nicole Smith, in the early 1990’s Drew Barrymore Adriana Lima Paris HIlton Guess brought forth the faces of many future supermodels in their sexy promotional campaigns, including names such as Anna Nicole Smith, Claudia, Schiffer, , Drew Barrymore, Jessica Miller, Cindy Taylor, Minki Van Der Westhuizen, and Shana Zadrick (Guess? Inc. News- Company Information). Iconic models, actresses and all-round sex-bombs have all pouted and posed for these successful Guess ad campaigns. It goes without saying that Guess has been such an influential brand in the fashion world. Sales Trends Financial Data For the first quarter of 2012, Guess, Inc reported net earnings of $42. 7 million. This was a 15. 2% decrease from the first quarter of the fiscal year 2011, in which Guess, Inc. reported net earnings of $50. 3 million (Guess? , Inc. Reports First Quarter Results). Balance Sheet from www. FORBES. com For the entire year, ending January 29 ,2011, net earnings for Guess, Inc were reported at $289. 5 million, an increase of 19. %, with gross profit increasing to $1090. 2 million, an increase of 15. 8%. Total net revenue increased to $2,487. 3 million, and gross margin decreased from the previous year to 43. 8% of total revenues (Maurice Marciano and Marciano). The decrease in gross margin was attributed to the negative impact of the stronger U. S. dollar on product purchases, increased occupancy costs due to retail expansion in Europe, lower initial mark-ups in Europe, and higher markdowns in the North American retail segment (Maurice Marciano and Marciano). Earnings from operations were reported at $404. million, a 12. 8% increase from the prior year, and other income, including interest income and expense, totaled $16. 7 million (Maurice Marciano and Marciano). As of January 29, 2011, Guess, Inc. had $442. 1 million in cash and cash equivalents, down $60. 0 million from 2010. In breaking down all of their marketing segments, Guess, Inc found that once again, the largest increase in gross profit came from their European segment. In Europe, revenues increased 23. 2% to $920. 3 million. Revenues produced by other segments were reported as follows: North American Retail- Net Revenue: $1069. 9 million * Earnings from Operations: $122. 6 million * Operation Margin: 11. 5% Asia- * Net Revenue: $53. 6 million * Earnings from Operation: $28. 6million * Operating Margin: 14. 3% North American Wholesale- * Net Revenue: $181. 0 million * Earnings from Oper ations: $46. 2 million * Operating Margin: 25. 5% (Maurice Marciano and Marciano) Despite setbacks from their legal battles (The Marciano brothers believed they would have exceeded $1 billion in sales by their 10th anniversary, had it not been for the court cases) (Guess? Inc. ), Guess sales flourished from the very beginning. 1984 brought sales of $150 million, and in 1987, the company reached profits of $100 million, with sales reaching $350 million (Guess, Inc. ). At that time, Guess retail stores grew to 19 locations, and sales reached $575 million in 1990 (Guess, Inc. ). In 1991, Guess strategically increased their advertising budget to $22 million. This worked in their favor, as the company earned enough profits to add 33 more stores by the end of the year, including the European flagship store in Florence, Italy. Sales slowed during the recession in the early 1990’s (Guess, Inc. ). However, the men’s collection took an opposite approach, and sales skyrocketed, with a 41% sales growth in 1991 alone (Guess, Inc. ). By the end of the year, menswear sales would account for 40 of total company sales. During this time, Guess also began to see the extensive opportunities available with international sales, as licensing arrangements introduced Guess to over a dozen countries, causing a significant increase in revenues. By 1993, Guess had reached an estimated $700 million in sales (Guess, Inc. . During this time, Georges Marciano decided to step down from his position as CEO, and sell his 40% of the company to his brothers for around $200 million. Maurice was then named CEO, and took over direction of design. Guess then stepped up their promotional campaign, looking to fuel its future growth. Licensing became a vital part of total revenues, with products now including home furnishings, i nfant wear, and junior knit wear (Guess, Inc. ). Meanwhile, sales continued to grow, now focusing on more accessories as well. In 1994, sales of Guess watches exceeded $100 million and footwear more than $60 million. Guess became a publicly traded company in 1996 (Guess, Inc. ). Hoping to continue their uninterrupted success, Guess was disappointed when 1997 sales began to drop. To compensate, Guess created a new line of high-end jeans called Premium Denim for men and women. However, this proved to be another disappointment, and the market share was lost due to competitive pressures and a terrible retail environment. In 1999, Guess decided to start their first e-commerce store (www. guess. om), which gave their sales a much-needed boost. Even in critical times, Guess was able to open 56 new stores in 2000. Annual sales would increase by 32% with the introduction of G Brand, a new complete line of high quality unisexual jeans wear that used Italian denim and European designs. At the end of 2000, Guess had 212 stores in the U. S. and Canada. In 2001, Guess implemented a new marketing strategy in order to keep their profits rising. With these new strong marketing methods, Guess was able to increase their sales, and open 24 new stores in the U. S. and Canada, a total of 249 stores. Guess continues their success over the next several years. As of 2010, Guess has 1292 stores, 504 in North America, 441 in Europe, and 347 in South East Asia (Breif History of the Company and the Marciano Brothers). Looking towards the year ending January 28, 2012, Guess, Inc. expects new revenues to range from $2. 74 billion to $2. 80 billion (Guess? , Inc. Reports First Quarter Results). Operating margins are expected to be between $16. 5%, while diluted earnings per share are expected to be in the range of $3. 30 to $3. 50 (Guess? , Inc. Reports First Quarter Results). SWOT Analysis Like any business, Guess must analyze each of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and implement a strategy of using each of these aspects to their advantage. Strengths A quick overview of the strengths of Guess, Inc. include maintaining a strong and diversified brand portfolio, a global full lifestyle brand, an effective management team, and solid capital structure. Guess produces a brand that portrays a fun, fashionable, and sexy image, which is developed and maintained worldwide. Guess maintain a massive level of global success, with stores in 85 countries besides the U. S. and Canada. Because of this global diversification, the company is still able to grow, even in tough economic times. International growth remains one of Guess, Inc’s top strengths. Another major advantage Guess has is their use of multiple distribution channels. Not a company to focus solely on one channel, Guess Inc uses retail, wholesale, e-commerce, as well as licensing distribution to sell their products. This proves as a preventative benefit, as their operating results are not relying solely on the performance on one single channel. This also allows Guess, Inc to quickly adapt to ay changes in the distribution or retail environment of any one particular region. Adding to their diversity, Guess also relies on multiple store concepts, including flagship GUESS? full-priced retail stores, GUESS? factory outlet stores, GUESS by MARCIANO stores, G by GUESS stores, GUESS? Accessories stores, and GUESS? kids stores (Maurice Marciano and Marciano). This allows Guess to target multiple demographics in different regions. Weaknesses Like any company, Guess, Inc must also identify their weaknesses. A quick overview of the weaknesses of Guess, Inc. include maintaining a business in a highly promotional environment, the highly competitive nature of the apparel industry, discretionary spending being dictated by the situation in the global economy, and the narrow focus on women’s apparel. While Guess has very diversified products, and targets women, men, as well as children, their heavy focus on women’s apparel could be seen as a big weakness. Only 10% of Guess consumers are men, boys, or babies (Maurice Marciano and Marciano), which may indicate a lack of balance of promotional activities. Guess should assign more of their promotional budget to focusing on these areas, rather than attempting to portray an image of solely a women’s retailer. This also creates an opportunity for competitors to gain control over these sectors. While Guess stores may be growing rapidly in other countries, they must continue to be careful not to saturate the market. Opportunities A quick overview of the opportunities for Guess, Inc. include growing demand in foreign countries, such as China, under-penetrated markets in Europe, growth in the U. S. , and alliances by leasing. The Guess e-commerce environment improves customer relations, and creates an alternative shopping environment. In realizing this, Guess has the opportunity to increase their profits significantly by continuing to offer a wide range of products and keep up with an ever-changing economy. Technology proves to be a great opportunity for Guess, as they can benefit from consumer’s need for convenience. Guess men’s clothing category also has the biggest potential and room for growth. If Guess takes advantage of that, they will allow themselves the potential for a tremendous increase in profits. Guess should also take advantage of the new business casual trend, whereas smart casual clothing is becoming more and more acceptable in professional offices, and more people are looking for an acceptable replacement for their suits, ties, and other â€Å"formal† business attire. Threats A quick overview of the threats against Guess, Inc. include continued weakness in global consumer spending, low entry cost for competitors in the apparel market, changes to import tariffs, quotas, and taxes, and increases in energy and raw materials prices. Competitors are always considered one of a business’s greatest threats. The apparel industry is highly competitive, which may cause difficulties for Guess in the future. During a recession or uncertain economic conditions, consumers may be faced with reduced confidence and spending habits, resulting in a slow-down in sales and profits. While relationships with international markets and suppliers prove to be a steady strength for Guess, there are also threats involved. Since Guess does not own or operate any production facilities of their own (CITE- annual report), they depend heavily on foreign suppliers and manufacturers to produce products of top quality, and exactly to their specifications. Since Guess is a global business, there revenues could inadvertently be affected by factors beyond their control, such as recessions in foreign countries, political instability which may interrupt trade with foreign vendors, reduced global demand, significant fluxations in the value of the dollar against foreign currencies, or local business practices that do not conform to legal or ethical guidelines. Furthermore, Maurice and Paul Marciano currently hold 33% ownership of Guess shares, which is a very significant percentage. Their interests may differ from those of other stockholders, which could present a potential threat to the nature of the business. Competition One of Guess, Inc’s top competitors is Abercrombie and Fitch. Similar to Guess, Abercrombie’s positioning strategy involves the use of sexually overt advertising positioned to appeal to young adult markets. Unlike Guess, Abercrombie and Fitch advertisements often depict nudity, alcohol consumption and assorted sexual behaviors. Guess chooses to take a less scandalous approach, and maintain a softer, more classical image. Abercrombie ; Fitch does not have a mass market approach to its advertising. It places print ads in 4 magazines: Vanity Fair, Interview, Out, and Rolling Stone. Abercrombie ; Fitch is well positioned for the future, however it is necessary for them to continue to move forward in their efforts to maintain a new, trendy image. In the face of a falling economy, Abercrombie’s advertising stands out to an audience that has been exposed to a lot of noisy ads. In comparison to Guess, Abercrombie has the advantage of selling products under four different concepts, Abercrombie Fitch, Abercrombie, Hollister, and RUEHL. This provides the added benefit of appealing to different markets and demographics under completely different names, whereas Guess will only sell products with the Guess name , allowing Guess limited access to the market. GUESS? In the Future Immediate strategies to make Guess bigger and better would be to focus more of their advertising and promotional capabilities to their menswear collection. In the near future, I would recommend opening individual Guess for Men stores, which would open the door to an entire new demographic, increasing the potential for an immeasurable amount of profits. Focusing on new markets in Europe should also prove to be beneficial for the company. Currently, this market is under-penetrated, but has great potential for expansion in the future. As for a long term growth strategy, Guess needs to continue increasing their retail presence and expanding internationally. Guess has an excellent retail strategy which needs to be executed in each region of the world. Looking towards the long term, Guess should consider forming an alliance with a major competitor in the market, such as BEBE or Levi’s. Both of these companies have showed evidence of trying to come up with new styles in an attempt to keep up with Guess (Guess? , Inc. ), and are equally dominating the market for jeans and/or casual wear. Merging with either of these companies would prove to be tremendously profitable for Guess, as it would eliminate much of the competition, as well as allow them to dominate more of the market. Celebrating their 30th anniversary this year, Guess, Inc. is now bigger and better than ever, and growth shows no signs of slowing down. As long as they continue to leverage their presence globally and execute their mission statement and creative promotional strategies, Guess will continue to stay on top of the fashion world. Works Cited â€Å"Breif History of the Company and the Marciano Brothers. 25 June 2009. Guess, Inc. 1 May 2011 http://www. guessinc. com/presskit/history. â€Å"Guess, Inc. † Funding Universe. 27 May 2011 http://www. fundinguniverse. com/company-histories/Guess-Inc-Company-History. html. â€Å"Guess? Inc. News- Company Information. † New York Times 2011. â€Å"Guess? , Inc. † 2011. Hoover’s Company Information. May 2011 ;http://proquest. umi. c om. ezproxy. library. berkeley. org/pqdweb? index=4;did=168188551;SrchMode=1;sid=1;Fmt=3;VInst=PROD;VType=PQD;RQT=309;VName=PQD;TS=1307571605;clientId=11195;. Guess? , Inc. Reports First Quarter Results. Fiscal Results for the First Quarter Ended April 30, 2011. Los Angeles, CA: PR Newswire, 2011. â€Å"Marcianos Go Full Time Now at Guess. † Women’s Wear Daily 16 6 1990: 1. Maurice Marciano, Chairman of the Board, Guess, Inc. and Paul, CEO Vice Chairman of the Board, Guess, Inc Marciano. â€Å"Guess? , Inc Annual Report 2010. † Annual Report. 2010. â€Å"The Guess Mission Statement. † Guess, Inc. 2011 http://www. guessinc. com/help. asp. ——————————————– How to cite Guess, Inc., Papers

Social Media Issues Relating To Race and Religion

Social Media Communication is one of the most important aspects of human being. Emerging technologies have completely redefined the way human beings communicate with each other. The internet has come out strongly as one of the most sophisticated tools of communication.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Social Media Issues Relating To Race and Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The social media is the most recent of the forms of communication. When Facebook came into existence in the year 2007, many critics thought that it was another passing wind, just as other technologies that never made it to see the light of the day (Luther Coretta 63). However, this site hosts over seven hundred million users who visit the site almost on a daily basis. Tweeter was soon to follow, and currently there is the YouTube which comes with more features. Social media has completely changed the social structures of many socie ties. Social Media, as Austin (78) says, is the second deliberation to many of the world societies. It has brought out the true meaning of the word globalization. The world is currently a true global village, thanks to the social media. It is now possible to tour the world, share with friends and families in far off locations, and get updated of every little thing that is going on around the world. It has therefore been possible for people across the world to share their life experiences, their feelings and many other social issues that are worth sharing (Aronson 19). This has seen many countries, for instance the recent uprisings in the Arab world, get liberated from dictatorial rules of people they had almost certainly believed would rule forever, people who had equated themselves to god. This was a tool for a better change. Social Media and Race It is still a fact that the world is made up of several races despite the increased interactivity. However, the racial barrier is fast f alling apart. This is especially so among the youths who are the most regular users of the social media (Safko 71). It has come to their realization that the world is one, and that the difference in skin color, geographical locations or lifestyles makes everyone unique to themselves and therefore should not be used as a basis of segregation. Through Facebook, the youths would share, and through this, they have come to realize that race, by its original definition, does not exist. What exists is the difference in the skin color due to difference in temperature and other environmental factors, and the difference in cultural practices as a result of difference societal structure. Social Media and Religion One of the most affected social aspects is the religion. Social media has opened up the world. Haught (65) says that religion is like a prison that limits one from a number of activities to the benefit of the religious leaders. Most of these restrictions are always baseless, as this s cholar further asserts. People across the world have used religion to manipulate other members of the society to behave in a way that would benefit them at the expense of the larger group of society members.Advertising Looking for proposal on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is fast changing. Social media has allowed people world over to share and through this, knowledge is passed from one corners of the world to the other (Leithwood Steinbach 53). This has seen some religion transform, while others fall apart. People who had depended on religion to stay in power unfairly have been forced out of such offices. The world has assumed a new shape, and with it, a new religion that is more liberal and more accommodating. Works Cited Aronson, Marc. Race: A History beyond Black and White. New York: Ginee Seo Books, 2007. Print. Austin, James. The Last Snake Man. New York: Noir Publishing, 2007. Print. Haugh t, John. What Is Religion: An Introduction. New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1990. Print. Leithwood, Kennedy Steinbach, Richard. Changing Leadership for Changing Time. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1999. Print. Luther, Martin Coretta, Klein. I Have a Dream. New York: Scholastic Inc., 2007. Print. Safko, Lon. The Social Media Bible: Tactics, Tools, and Strategies for Business Success. New Jersey: John Wiley, 2010. Print.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Social Media Issues Relating To Race and Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This proposal on Social Media Issues Relating To Race and Religion was written and submitted by user Alma Burris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Interlanguage Definition and Examples

Interlanguage Definition and Examples Interlanguage is the type of language or linguistic system used by second- and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a target language. Interlanguage pragmatics is the study of the ways non-native speakers acquire, comprehend, and use linguistic patterns or speech acts in a second language. Interlanguage theory is generally credited to Larry Selinker, an American professor of applied linguistics whose article Interlanguage appeared in the January 1972 issue of the journal International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. Examples and Observations [Interlanguage] reflects the learners evolving system of rules, and results from a variety of processes, including the influence of the first language (transfer), contrastive interference from the target language, and the overgeneralization of newly encountered rules. (David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics) Fossilization The process of learning a second language (L2) is characteristically non-linear and fragmentary, marked by a mixed landscape of rapid progression in certain areas but slow movement, incubation, or even permanent stagnation in others. Such a process results in a linguistic system known as interlanguage (Selinker, 1972), which, to varying degrees, approximates that of the target language (TL). In the earliest conception (Corder, 1967; Nemser, 1971; Selinker, 1972), interlanguage is metaphorically a halfway house between the first language (L1) and the TL, hence inter. The L1 is purportedly the source language that provides the initial building materials to be gradually blended with materials taken from the TL, resulting in new forms that are neither in the L1 nor in the TL. This conception, though lacking in sophistication in the view of many contemporary L2 researchers, identifies a defining characteristic of L2 learning, initially known as fossilization (Selinker, 1972) and later on broadly referred to as incompleteness (Schachter, 1988, 1996), relative to the ideal version of a monolingual native speaker. It has been claimed that the notion of fossilization is what spurs the field of second language acquisition (SLA) into existence (Han and Selinker, 2005; Long, 2003). Thus, a fundamental concern in L2 research has been that learners typically stop short of target-like attainment, i.e., the monolingual native speakers competence, in some or all linguistic domains, even in environments where input seems abundant, motivation appears strong, and opportunity for communicative practice is plentiful. (ZhaoHong Han, Interlanguage and Fossilization: Towards an Analytic Model in Contemporary Applied Linguistics: Language Teaching and Learning) Universal Grammar A number of researchers pointed out quite early on the need to consider interlanguage grammars in their own right with respect to principles and parameters of U[niversal] G[rammar], arguing that one should not compare L2 learners to native speakers of the L2 but instead consider whether interlanguage grammars are natural language systems (e.g., duPlessis et al., 1987; Finer and Broselow, 1986; Liceras, 1983; Martohardjono and Gair, 1993; Schwartz and Sprouse, 1994; White, 1992b). These authors have shown that L2 learners may arrive at representations which indeed account for the L2 input, though not in the same way as the grammar of a native speaker. The issue, then, is whether the interlanguage representation is a possible grammar, not whether it is identical to the L2 grammar. (Lydia White, On the Nature of Interlanguage Representation in The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition) Psycholinguistics [T]he significance of interlanguage theory lies in the fact that it is the first attempt to take into account the possibility of learner conscious attempts to control their learning. It was this view that initiated an expansion of research into psychological processes in interlanguage development whose aim was to determine what learners do in order to help facilitate their own learning, i.e., which learning strategies they employ (Griffiths Parr, 2001). It seems, however, that the research of Selinkers learning strategies, with the exception of transfer, has not been taken up by other researchers. (ViÃ… ¡nja PaviÄ ić TakaÄ , Vocabulary Learning Strategies and Foreign Language Acquisition)

Red Cabbage Juice Makes an Egg White Turn Green

Red Cabbage Juice Makes an Egg White Turn Green Red cabbage juice contains a natural pH indicator that changes color from purple to green under basic (alkaline) conditions. You can use this reaction to make a fried green egg. This a great chemistry project for St. Patricks Day (March 17th) or to make green eggs and ham for Dr. Seusss birthday (March 2nd). Or, you can just make green eggs to gross out your family. Its all good. Green Egg Materials You only need two basic ingredients for this easy food science project: eggred (purple) cabbage Prepare the Red Cabbage pH Indicator There are several ways you can prepare red cabbage juice for use as a pH indicator. Heres what I did: Coarsely chop about a half cup of red cabbage.Microwave the cabbage until it is soft. This took me about 4 minutes.Allow the cabbage to cool. You may wish to set it in a refrigerator to speed things up.Wrap the cabbage in a coffee filter or paper towel and squeeze the cabbage. Collect the juice in a cup.You can refrigerate or freeze leftover juice for later experiments. Fry a Green Egg Spray a pan with cooking spray. Heat the pan over medium-high heat.Crack an egg and separate the egg white from the yolk. Set the yolk aside.In a small bowl, mix the egg white with a small amount of red cabbage juice. Did you see the color change? If you mix the egg white and red cabbage juice thoroughly then the white of the fried egg will be uniformly green. If you only lightly mix the ingredients you will end up with a green egg that has white splotches. Yummy!Add the egg white mixture to the hot pan. Set the egg yolk in the middle of the egg. Fry it and eat it like you would any other egg. Note the cabbage does flavor the egg. Its not necessarily bad, just not what you expect eggs to taste like. How It Works The pigments in red cabbage are called anthocyanins. Anthocyanins change color in response to changes in acidity or pH. Red cabbage juice is purplish-red under acidic conditions, but changes to a blue-green color under alkaline conditions. Egg whites are alkaline (pH ~9) so when you mix the red cabbage juice into the egg white the pigment changes color. The pH does not change as the egg is cooked so the color is stable. Its also edible, so you can eat the fried green egg! Easy Blue Eggs Green isnt the only color you can get using edible pH indicators. Another option is to use butterfly pea flowers. Steeping the flowers in boiling water produces a deep, vivid blue that is safe to add to any food or drink. While red cabbage juice has a distinctive (some would say unpleasant) flavor, butterfly pea does not have a flavor. You can get a red cabbage at pretty much any grocery store, but youll probably have to go online to find butterfly pea flowers or tea. It is inexpensive and it lasts practically forever. To make blue eggs, simply prepare butterfly pea tea in advance. Mix in a few drops of the tea with the egg white to achieve the desired color. Cook the egg. You can drink or freeze any leftover tea. Butterfly pea flower, like red cabbage juice, contains anthocyanins. The color change is different though. Butterfly pea is blue under neutral to alkaline conditions. It turns purple in very dilute acid and hot pink when more acid is added. More Color Change Food Experiment with other edible pH indicators. Examples of foods that change color in response to pH include beets, blueberries, cherries, grape juice, radishes, and onion. You can choose an ingredient that complements the flavor of the food in just about any color you desire. In most cases, prepare a pH indicator by soaking finely minced plant matter in boiling water until the color is extracted. Pour off the liquid for later use. A handy way to save the liquid for later is to pour it into an ice cube tray and freeze it. For fruits and flowers, consider preparing a simple syrup. Mash or macerate the produce and heat it with sugar solution until it boils. The syrup may be used as-is or mixed in as an ingredient in recipes.

What is Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. What was their mission, and how Research Paper

What is Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. What was their mission, and how did it influence the whole financial meltdown in 2008 What is going on right now with them - Research Paper Example This in turn, made ownership of affordable housing easily and widely available. The company allows its clients to reinvest their property and assets in order to earn more profit and thus, increase the number of money lenders in the market. Fannie Mae also assisted banks in issuing a greater number of housing loans. Since 1968, Fannie Mae has become a publicly traded organization and has held the monopoly of the mortgage market for as long as thirty years since its inception. In 1970, Fannie Mae acquired a higher status in the market and now got the authority to buy private mortgages. Also, the federal government created the another similar firm, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, more commonly known as Freddie Mac in 1970 with the aim to compete with and thus help improve the standards of Fannie Mae in the market (Kate). The company started its work by buying mortgages in the market, pooling them up and selling them to the investors with a ‘backing security’. This allowed the lending money available in the market to increase and hence, more home purchases to be available for the customers. Together, the two companies brought great and rapid changes to the US economy. They formed a type of liquid market for the mortgages which defined a very important new rule in the market according to which, the financial institutions did not have to hold on to the mortgages and could easily sell them in the market (Peter 18). In this way, the funds of the companies were freed and they could use it to make further additional mortgages. Thus, the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac together had a very positive impact on the business market (Duhigg, Friday). Rates of home ownership were also increased in the country and the companies earned large profits in the mere space of two decades. They raised enough money that allowed them to buy mortgages from a number of varied sources which included both pension and mutual funds and also, the

Product Design Air Compressor Set Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Product Design Air Compressor Set - Essay Example This report aims at investigating such a design, keeping in hindsight the requirements of the customer. All of these components would be incorporated in the new design for the customer. The set would have a basic frame of steel with 0.5% carbon content so that the frame is not too brittle to bear the weight of the set. A steel platform would hold the three compressors (it is a multi-compressor unit), the air reservoir/tank, and the motor. A small control panel would be fitted alongside the platform, and the whole set would be enclosed in a fabric glass case. Each compressor would have an independent belt for revolution, with separately adjustable speeds, to be switched on and off on demand. The reservoir would be divided into compartments of volumes of 100 liters each, to be utilised as per the demand. The whole system would be run by a motor attached to a power supply, with a second provisional motor that can be run if desired.